The Forests of Kalimantan: A Natural Treasure Worth Protecting


1. Introduction

Kalimantan, widely known as Borneo in the international community, is the third-largest island in the world. It is divided among three countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei—but Indonesia holds the largest share, which is often referred to as Kalimantan. What makes this island extraordinary is its vast and ancient tropical rainforests, believed to be more than 140 million years old. These forests are among the oldest on Earth and play a vital role not only for Indonesia but also for the global environment.

Often described as the “lungs of the world,” the rainforests of Kalimantan serve as a massive reservoir of biodiversity, culture, and ecological services. Yet, despite their importance, these forests are facing increasing threats that put their future at risk.

2. The Unmatched Biodiversity of Kalimantan

Kalimantan’s forests are a paradise for scientists, conservationists, and nature enthusiasts. The island is recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, comparable to the Amazon rainforest in South America.

Wildlife Richness

  • Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
    The Bornean orangutan is perhaps the most iconic species. It shares nearly 97% of its DNA with humans, making it one of our closest relatives. Sadly, this species is critically endangered due to deforestation.

  • Proboscis Monkey
    Known locally as bekantan, this monkey is famous for its unusually long nose. It is endemic to Borneo and serves as a cultural symbol in Kalimantan.

  • Birds of Paradise and Hornbills
    The forests are also home to spectacular bird species, many of which are highly valued in traditional folklore.

  • Predators and Rare Mammals
    Clouded leopards, sun bears, and pangolins are among the unique animals that still roam these forests.

Botanical Diversity

Kalimantan is home to an estimated 15,000 plant species, with nearly 6,000 endemic to the island. Some of the most notable include:

  • Ironwood (ulin), famous for its durability.

  • Nepenthes pitcher plants, carnivorous plants that capture insects.

  • Medicinal plants, used by indigenous communities for generations.

This richness makes Kalimantan’s forests not only beautiful but also crucial for scientific research, medicine, and future discoveries.

3. The Role of the Forests for Humans and the Planet

The importance of Kalimantan’s forests goes far beyond local communities. They contribute significantly to global ecological balance.

  1. Carbon Storage
    Tropical rainforests are natural carbon sinks. Kalimantan’s forests absorb millions of tons of carbon dioxide annually, helping slow down climate change.

  2. Water Systems
    The island’s forests regulate rainfall and sustain major rivers like the Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam, which are lifelines for millions of people.

  3. Livelihoods
    Indigenous groups such as the Dayak people rely on forest resources for food, shelter, and traditional medicine.

  4. Cultural Significance
    Many rituals, stories, and traditions of Kalimantan’s people are deeply connected to the forest, making it not just an ecological but also a cultural treasure.

4. Major Threats to Kalimantan’s Forests

Unfortunately, Kalimantan has been losing forest cover at an alarming rate. In the past few decades, deforestation has accelerated due to multiple factors:

  • Logging: Illegal and unsustainable logging for timber exports.

  • Palm Oil Plantations: Large-scale monocultures replacing diverse rainforests.

  • Mining: Coal and gold mining leaving behind degraded landscapes.

  • Forest Fires: Often linked to land clearing practices, leading to haze that affects neighboring countries.

  • Infrastructure Projects: Roads and industrial expansion fragment habitats and threaten wildlife.

If these trends continue unchecked, Kalimantan may lose much of its natural heritage within this century.

5. Conservation Efforts and Success Stories

Despite these threats, there is hope. Various initiatives are being carried out to protect Kalimantan’s forests.

  1. Protected Areas
    National parks such as Tanjung Puting, Sebangau, and Kayan Mentarang are sanctuaries for orangutans and countless other species.

  2. Reforestation Programs
    Both governmental and non-governmental organizations are actively planting trees in degraded areas.

  3. Community-Based Conservation
    Indigenous communities are increasingly involved in protecting their ancestral lands, combining traditional wisdom with modern conservation methods.

  4. Ecotourism
    Responsible tourism, such as jungle trekking and orangutan observation, provides income while raising awareness.

  5. Scientific Research
    International collaborations are ongoing to study the unique flora and fauna, ensuring better conservation strategies.

6. The Global Importance of Kalimantan’s Forests

Why should people outside Indonesia care? The answer lies in the global impact of these forests:

  • They help stabilize global climate.

  • They host genetic resources that may be vital for future medicine.

  • They maintain the balance of global biodiversity.

  • They provide a natural defense against climate disasters like floods and droughts.

In short, Kalimantan’s forests are not just Indonesia’s treasure—they are the world’s responsibility.

7. The Future of Kalimantan’s Forests

The question now is: what will happen in the next 50 years?

  • Optimistic Scenario: With strong policies, sustainable development, and global support, large portions of the forest can be preserved.

  • Pessimistic Scenario: If deforestation continues at the current pace, many species could vanish, and the ecological services of the forests may collapse.

The future depends on our collective action today. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have roles to play.

8. How Individuals Can Contribute

Even if you live far from Indonesia, your choices can help:

  • Choose products with certified sustainable palm oil.

  • Support conservation NGOs working in Borneo.

  • Spread awareness about the importance of rainforests.

  • Travel responsibly if you visit Kalimantan, supporting local communities.

9. Conclusion

The forests of Kalimantan represent one of the last frontiers of true wilderness on Earth. They are rich in biodiversity, essential for regulating climate, and deeply intertwined with local cultures. But they are fragile.

Protecting them is not just a responsibility for Indonesia—it is a global duty. Every tree preserved, every orangutan saved, and every hectare of forest restored brings us one step closer to a sustainable future.

If the world acts together, Kalimantan’s forests can continue to stand tall for millions of years to come, just as they have since ancient times.